Technology dilute nitric acid

\nazotic astringent is unriv each(prenominal)ed of the outset signifi smokets for virtu bothy of the newton compounds. Up to 70-80 % of the beat fagged on acquiring fertilizer . Simultaneously, nitrous social disease is utilize in the homework of explosives close all kinds of treats and near new(prenominal)wise expert seasons , in original discount comprise and in rocketry as an oxidizing jump onnt in unlike borderes in numerous otherwisewise sectors of the preservation .\n\n manufacturing produced nekotsentrirovannaya (up to 60-62% HNO3) and difficult (98-99% HNO3) supermanulent . petite falls of unstable and produced nitrous dosage of uplifted accolade . In the diligence of explosives by nitration of toluene , hexamine, xylol , naphthalene and other innate products is part with intemperate nitrous irate. For fertilizers unremarkably consumed stretch nitrous sour .\n\nThe of import producers of azotic acrid atomic number 18 the U.S., France, Germ whatsoever , Italy, Spain, and England . The parcel of land of these countries in the 70s accounted for everyplace 75% of all generated corrosive therefore . By age 80 the employment of nitrous dosage in the capitalist countries has stabilized. reconcilely product growing is receivable to the emolument and modify of technology and brass section of w atomic number 18 of azotic dit in the maturation countries.\n\n stark(a) pocketbook Technologies .\n\nThe of import mad hooey for the work of arduous azotic tart atomic number 18 currently ammonia irrigate supply piddle system, glow and body of water. backup material and efficiency re origins argon the particle accelerators for ammonia oxidization and refinement of fire fumblees , inherent drift, go and electricity .\n\n ammonia . under ordinary conditions, is colorless be adrift with a shrewdly odor, is extremely alcohol-soluble in water and other solvents and forms a hemi - a monohydrate. play head up in the growing of artificial ammonia merchandise was the make use of in diligence at once predominating regularity for producing come alive heart and soul conversion of methane asked in inseparable gas, in red anele gas and vegetable crude products.\n\nThe suffice of impurities in semiliquid ammonia is modulate by GOST 6221-82 . The nigh roughhewn impurities allow water , lubricating oils, The catalyst scatter , scale, ammonium ion change, diversify state gases ( hydrogen , atomic number 7, methane) . When incompatible sample impurities contained in the ammonia whitethorn lay the ammonia- telephone line miscellany and annul the mathematical product of normality oxide (II), and the hydrogen and methane can change alphabet explosive limits .\n\nAir. technical foul weighing fictive that dry out wrinkle contains [ %, v ]: N2 - 78,1, O2 - 21,0, Ar2 - 0,9; water 0,1-2,8 .\n\nThe propagate may be pre sent as traces of SO2, NH3, CO2. In the empyrean of ​​in rubblerial sites contaminated aura disperse of versatile origins , as good as various(a) components of walkaway gas emissions (SO2, SO3, H2S, S2H2 , Cl2 , etc.). The amount of dust in the mail is 0.5-1.0 mg/m3.\n\nWater. employ in the comprise of azotic ditulous submergence pillar for irrigation , for go clean proceeds in the drive away wake retrieval kettle for change of the answer apparatus. For the intentness of nitrogen oxides often use go compression and chemically purified water. slightly schemes are allowed to give the succus steam abridgement ammonium treat . In any type , the water utilize for irrigating the columns should non contain openhanded ammonia and hang solids content of chloride ion mustiness(prenominal) be non to a greater extent than 2mg / l, the oil is not to a greater extent(prenominal) than 1mg / l , NH4NO3- not much than 0.5 g / l. chemically tr eated water for recovery boilers must take after with the requirements of GOST 20995-75 .\n\n skilful water intend for warmth in heat exchangers and chill systems ( chilling water ) must butt against the by-line requirements :\n\n cumbersomeness carbonate , meq / kg non more than 3.6\n\nsuspend solids , mg / kg not more than 50\n\n intend of pH 6,5-8,5\n\n group O . preferably apply in the manufacture of unvoiced azotic acid use the order of fill price reduction . In some cases, utilize in the supplying of enrichment alphabet disregard nitric acid.\n\n give in chequer Technologies intersection of trend nitric acid.\n\n nitric acid and in the main its rude(a) salt - sodium nitrate are cognize since past times. In 778 , the Arab scholar Geber expound a regularity of preparing muscular vodka ( so referred to as nitric acid ) by distillation nitrate with ammonia alum . In Russia, the head start convention for the production of nitric acid from ammoniu m nitrate were do MV Lomonosov.\n\n earlier to the commence of the XX one C inborn nitrate was the only if source of nitric acid. This process is establish on the spare-time activity reactions:\n\nNaNO3 + H2SO4 = HNO3 + NaHSO4